2008年7月7日星期一

x11-xserver-utils

这是一组 X 里有用的命令集合,比较底层,包括
/usr/share/doc/x11-xserver-utils/copyright
/usr/share/doc/x11-xserver-utils/changelog.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/sessreg.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/showrgb.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/xcmsdb.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/xhost.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/xmodmap.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/xrandr.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/xrdb.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/xset.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/xsetmode.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/xsetpointer.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/xsetroot.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/xstdcmap.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/xtrap.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/xtrapin.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/xtrapinfo.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/xtrapout.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/xtrapproto.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/xtrapreset.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/xtrapstats.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/iceauth.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/xgamma.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/xrefresh.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/xtrapchar.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/xvidtune.1.gz
/usr/share/menu/x11-xserver-utils
/usr/bin/iceauth
/usr/bin/sessreg
/usr/bin/showrgb
/usr/bin/xcmsdb
/usr/bin/xgamma
/usr/bin/xhost
/usr/bin/xmodmap
/usr/bin/xrandr
/usr/bin/xrdb
/usr/bin/xrefresh
/usr/bin/xset
/usr/bin/xsetmode
/usr/bin/xsetpointer
/usr/bin/xsetroot
/usr/bin/xstdcmap
/usr/bin/xtrapchar
/usr/bin/xtrapin
/usr/bin/xtrapinfo
/usr/bin/xtrapout
/usr/bin/xtrapproto
/usr/bin/xtrapreset
/usr/bin/xtrapstats
/usr/bin/xvidtune
/etc/X11/app-defaults/Xvidtune
我们一个一个来介绍每个命令的用途。如果需要了解 X window 系统结构,可以参看这里
  • iceauth 和 xauth 类似,但是是作为 inter-client exchange 协议下的认证文件 .ICEauthority 的操纵程序。
  • sessreg 用于记录 X session 的会话记录到 utmp(记录登录登出)。
  • showrgb 显示系统已知颜色对应的 rgb。
  • xcmsdb(X color management system)用于加载、查询 X 的 device profile,如将 CIEXYZ 转换成为 RGB 的方法、gamma 信息。
  • xgamma 用于获得或者更改 X 显示的 gamma 值。
  • xhost 是一种 X server 的验证机制,是基于主机名/地址的,语法为 xhost + 开放给所有人,xhost - 仅仅允许 list 里面的主机,xhost +hostname 添加到 list 而 xhost -hostname 删去。
  • xmodmap 用于显示或者修改键盘或者鼠标映射,如 -pm 显示 modifier(如 Ctrl、Shift 等)、-pk 显示 keymap。可以通过 -e 执行一个命令或者使用一个文件作为命令序列输入。
  • xrandr 是 X 的一个 extention RandR 的命令行接口,用于设定一个 X 的大小、方向(旋转或者镜像)。ms 现在 NVIDIA 的驱动不大支持 xrandr,不爽... 一般用法为 xrandr -q 获得已有的输出设备支持的分辨率和刷新率,然后可以选择设定这些值,并且可以设定屏幕的朝向,如用 --output 屏幕 --reflect x 产生镜像翻转。
  • xrdb 是用于读入 X resource 的工具,X resource 一般存放在 .Xdefaults 里面,放有某些应用程序需要的一些配置,如 Emacs 的字体等等。这个我们会在后面对 X resource 的管理做出专门的讨论。
  • xrefresh 可以用来刷新一个 X screen,或者该 screen 的某一个部位。
  • xset 是一个强大的设置工具,如 b 设置 bell 的声音大小,bc 或者 -bc 设置或者关闭一个 bug compatability 模式,+/-dpms 是 enery star 的功能,fp 可以指定 X server 的 font path(避免修改系统文件 /etc/X11/xorg.conf),led 设定键盘上 LED 指示灯的状态,m 或者 mouse 设定鼠标灵敏程度(加速),r 控制按键自动重复输入(可以选择打开或者关闭对某些键的设置),s 设置 screen saver 的特性,q 显示已有配置。
  • xsetmode 设置输入装置的 mode 为绝对或者相对。
  • xsetpointer 设置 X 主要的 pointer 设备。
  • xsetroot 用于设定 X root window 的性质,如使用光标,使用 bitmap 作为背景,背景色等。
  • xstdcmap 用于设定 X standard color map,不知道有啥用...
  • xtrap* 命令是 X 的 XTrap extension 系列命令,似乎是为了方便 the capturing of server protocol and synthesizing core input events,这是啥 -,-bb
  • xvidtune 用于调整视频模式,如显示偏了,或者大了小了。

这里简单的叙述一下 xmodmap 的用法,keycode 就是按键的编号(数字),keysymname 是按键的符号名称。xmodmap 常用的命令有 keycode NUMBER = KEYSYMNAME 将某个 keycode 映射成为某 keysym。注意 KEYSYMNAME 可以有 8 项表示在有没有 modifier 情况下的结果,如 -pk 的输出
     10     0x0031 (1) 0x0021 (exclam)
11 0x0032 (2) 0x0040 (at)
12 0x0033 (3) 0x0023 (numbersign)
可见按键 1、2、3 是如何被映射的。keycode any = KEYSYMNAME 将未进行映射的 keycode 映射。keysym KEYSYMNAME = KEYSYMNAME 将 keysym 映射成为 keysym,比如要按下 A 出来 B,可以写 keysym a = b,注意中间的空格是不能省略的。clear MODIFIERNAME 清除掉某个 modifier,add MODIFIERNAME = KEYSYMNAME 添加一个 modifier,remove MODIFIERNAME = KEYSYMNAME 去掉一个 modifier,pointer = NUMBER 可以设置三个按键的作用,使用 pointer = default 恢复默认值。


注:
  • 为了不影响现有 X 的正常配置,进行某些实验时,建议另外打开一个 X,如 startx -- :1。

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